Chapter 5.1 Transmission of heat (Heat and Thermodynamics)

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Heat: It is a form of energy which transfers among particles in a substance (or system) by means of kinetic energy of those particles. In other words, a form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules and capable of being transmitted through solid and fluid media by conduction, through fluid media

Chapter 5.2 Fourier equation of heat flow (Heat and Thermodynamics)

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Let a long metal bar of uniform cross-section is heated steadily at one end M and the bar is so long that the other end N may be regarded to be at the same temperature as that of the surroundings (Fig. 8). Now we shall consider two neighboring planes at P and Q at distances x and x+δx from the hot end, therefore we have considered a layer PQ. Let θ be the excess temperature of the layer at P over the surroundings,

Chapter 5.3 Law s of thermodynamics (Heat and Thermodynamics)

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Thermodynamics: In heat engine there was an input in the form of heat whose output was mechanical work (Fig. 10). This predicted the principle of thermodynamics. Therefore, thermodynamics was concerned with both thermal and mechanical or dynamical concepts

Chapter 5.4 The Carnot cycle (Heat and Thermodynamics)

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A cycle in which the working substance starting from a given condition of temperature, pressure and volume is made to undergo two successive expansions (one isothermal and another adiabatic), and then two successive compressions (one isothermal and another adiabatic) at the end of which the working substance is brought back

Chapter 5.5 Entropy (Heat and Thermodynamics)

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2nd law of thermodynamics state that it is not possible for heat to flow from a colder body to a warmer body without any work having been done to accomplish this flow

Chapter 5.6 Thermodynamics functions (Heat and Thermodynamics)

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Maxwell derived the relations by combining the first and the second law of thermodynamics. For a P, V and T system undergoing an infinitesimal reversible process, we have from the first law of thermodynamics

Chapter 6.1 Simple Harmonic Motion (Waves and Oscillations)

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A motion which repeats itself over and over again after a regular interval of time is referred to as a periodic motion. The motion of moon about the earth, the oscillation of a pendulum, the motion of a mass suspended from a coil spring are the examples of periodic motion (Fig. 1).

Chapter 6.2 Two-body oscillations & Torsional oscillator (Waves and Oscillations)

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Many objects on the microscopic level, such as molecules, atoms, nuclei, execute oscillations that are approximately simple harmonic. Let us consider a diatomic molecule, in which the two atoms are bound together with a force and if displaced in a small distance from its equilibrium position,

Chapter 6.3 Energies of harmonic oscillator (Waves and Oscillations)

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The mechanical energy E of a particle executing simple harmonic motion is partly kinetic and partly potential. If no non-conservative forces, such as the force of friction act on the particle, the sum of its kinetic energy (K) and potential energy (U) remains constant. Therefore, total energy, E = K + U = constant.