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David Ben Gurion was the first person to proclaim a Jewish state in 2000 years on May 14, 1948. He was Chairman of the Jewish Agency, an organization established in 1929 with the aim to “ensure that every Jewish person feels an unbreakable bond to one another and to Israel no matter where they live in the world”. Ben Gurion also served as Israel’s first Prime Minister.
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In Würzburg, a small town in southern Germany, in 1628, a ten-year-old boy called Hoel was forced to sit on a horse outside the church and watch while his mother’s breasts were cut off and pushed in the faces of his elder brothers as they had their skin torn off with red-hot pincers. A man of religion had to watch the youngster’s reaction as his father had a metal spike pushed through his body from his rectum and, finally, while his whole family was burnt alive. Hoel evidently failed the test because, less than a month later, he too suffered the same fate. The crime that he and his family had been accused of was witchcraft.
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The Vikings also known as the Norsemen started their journey of conquest, discovery and adventure towards the end of the ninth century. They were from Scandinavia and lived as seafarers from about the year 790 to the close of the eleventh century, leaving their homelands in search of good fortune. They used to raid foreign villages and especially monasteries and churches in the British Isles because of their treasures.
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Harriet Beecher Stowe published her novel ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’ in 1852, nine years before the American Civil War erupted over the rights of the white-skinned population in the southern states to buy and sell slaves. Beecher Stowe records in painful detail the misery Tom felt when he was sold separately from his wife and little children and how he escaped, bringing him to the attention of the law. The book was an immediate bestseller and helped to change public opinion in the northern states and across the world about the evils of slavery.
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Late April, 1945, northern Italy. The end of the war in Europe was days away, the Germans were in full retreat, heading up the Italian peninsula for the German border or, if possible, safety in neutral Switzerland.
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Today the Ku Klux Klan has between three and five thousand members in the U.S.A., a country of 320 million people. It’s a tiny group with the very ugly idea that only white people should live in America, but it wasn’t always like this. It has a long and murderous history and we all know its name, its ‘uniform’ and its symbols.
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In an earlier lecture, we looked at slavery and discussed its role in the southern states of America. The Civil War was fought over this issue but even when the Union forces won, in 1865; it did not mean that Afro-Americans had achieved equality. A century later, Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X and many others, including Rosa Parks were still fighting for their rights.
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Forty thousand years ago in Europe, homo sapiens (or ‘clever man’) was not the only human species alive – there were at least three others. Many of us are familiar with one of these, the Neanderthals, because we sometimes use the word to describe someone who is uncivilized, barbarous and uneducated. Although they had stocky bodies and large foreheads, they were also strikingly similar to us and lived in many parts of Europe for more than 300,000 years.
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In this lecture, we will look at three areas of science that forever changed the way we practice modern medicine. There is, sadly, no time to look at Hippocrates or Ibn Sina or a hundred other great contributors to our understanding of the ways our bodies work… but this may give you a taste of the history of medicine. The topics are: the history of anatomy; vaccination and immunization; and the discovery of penicillin.
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