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The Deadly History of Anaesthesia
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We know that in the twelfth century in Europe and Asia, people used the Solanum plant species, mixed with other ingredients including alcohol, to make people fall asleep so that they could have operations without feeling any pain. In Italy in the thirteenth century, for instance, Theodoric Borgognoni used Solanum with opium in surgery. On the other side of the world, native Americans used coca leaves to cause unconsciousness and to clean cuts in operations on the head. They spat the mixture into the patients’ wounds to clean them.
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